To investigate the expression and possible role of pS2 protein as a predictor of tumor recurrence in superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and to determine its relation with tumor stage, grade, size, number, recurrence and proliferative activity.
The CpG sites within the promoter region of the pS2 gene were methylated in pS2-negative gastric carcinoma cell lines whereas it was not in pS2-positive cell line.
In prostate cancer the pS2 protein was detected in close association with neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation as assessed by Chromogranin A (Chr A) immunoreactivity.
This suggests that the pS2 gene expression detected in nonmalignant tissue may be related to early premalignant changes of prostate glands harboring significant carcinomas.
Expression of pS2 protein (an oestrogen-induced gene discovered in the MCF-7 breast carcinoma cell line) and its homologue human spasmolytic polypeptide (hSP) was analysed, using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization to their mRNAs, in the proximal duodenum of 17 partial gastrectomy specimens removed from individuals with chronic peptic ulceration.
A pilot study on relationships of selected molecular factors [erbB-1, erbB-2, erbB-3, and c-myc oncogene average gene copy numbers (AGCN); steroid receptors and pS2 gene expression; tumor cells' DNA values] to the ex vivo chemosensitivity of ovarian cancer in a modified adenosine triphosphate cell viability chemosensitivity assay (ATP-CVA), was performed.
pS2 gene expression was investigated in benign and malignant ovary tumors and whenever possible, pS2 expression was also studied in cells collected from cystadenoma fluids.
Using these assays we show that determination of pS2 gene expression allows the definition of subclasses of estrogen-receptor-containing breast cancers that may be used to more precisely identify estrogen-dependent tumors.
To investigate the expression and possible role of pS2 protein as a predictor of tumor recurrence in superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and to determine its relation with tumor stage, grade, size, number, recurrence and proliferative activity.
At completion of the study, half of the animals per treatment group were killed and tumors collected for evaluation of cellular proliferation and estrogen-responsive pS2 gene expression.
The expression of the pS2 gene, pS2 protein assays in tumor cytosols and more recently pS2 detection by immunocytochemistry, have been described in several series of breast cancers.
The 5' flanking region of the pS2 gene contains a complex enhancer region responsive to oestrogens, epidermal growth factor, a tumour promoter (TPA), the c-Ha-ras oncoprotein and the c-jun protein.
In situ hybridization to some of the p27-overexpressing tumors showed that the p27 RNA is localized in cancer cells and sometimes also in fibroblastic cells of tumor stroma. p27 RNA levels in the tumors did not correlate with the presence of estrogen receptor or with the expression of the estrogen-induced pS2 gene.
Recent studies have revealed that forebrain specific conditional knockouts of PS1 and PS2 genes (cPSKO) cause both neuronal degeneration and memory loss without evidence of formation of amyloid plaques.
In prostate cancer the pS2 protein was detected in close association with neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation as assessed by Chromogranin A (Chr A) immunoreactivity.
A pilot study on relationships of selected molecular factors [erbB-1, erbB-2, erbB-3, and c-myc oncogene average gene copy numbers (AGCN); steroid receptors and pS2 gene expression; tumor cells' DNA values] to the ex vivo chemosensitivity of ovarian cancer in a modified adenosine triphosphate cell viability chemosensitivity assay (ATP-CVA), was performed.
Using these assays we show that determination of pS2 gene expression allows the definition of subclasses of estrogen-receptor-containing breast cancers that may be used to more precisely identify estrogen-dependent tumors.
The pS2 gene product was firstly identified as an oestrogen-induced molecule in a breast cancer cell line, while recent studies demonstrate a close association with mucus-secreting epithelia.
These data clearly indicate that the breast-cancer-associated pS2 protein also plays an as yet undetermined role in the tumorigenesis of human colorectal carcinomas.